INCOME SHARE AGREEMENT AS A TOOL FOR STUDENT FINANCING OF TERTIARY EDUCATION IN A PERIOD OF SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY IN NIGERIA
CHUKWUEMEKA-NWORU, IJEOMA J
+2347030526571 ijeoma.chukwuemeka-nworu@unn.edu.ng Department of Educational Foundations, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
THOMPSON, CHIDINMA C
+2348066662699 cc.thompson@unizik.edu.ng Department of Educational Management and Policy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Income Share Agreement (ISA) is a student financing tool that allows students to borrow money for their education and repay it as a percentage of their income after graduation. ISAs are relatively new form of student financing, but they have the potential to be a valuable tool for students in Nigeria, where access to traditional student loans is limited and the economy is uncertain. The Nigerian economy has been volatile in recent years, with high inflation and unemployment rates. This makes it difficult for students to predict their future earnings and to repay traditional student loans. ISAs, on the other hand, are designed to be flexible and adaptable to changes in a student's income. Income share agreement can help to increase access to higher education for students from all backgrounds and reduce the burden of student debt. The advantages of ISAs amongst others include; ISAs are based on a student's future earning potential and ISA payments are capped at a certain percentage of a student's income, so students are never at risk of being overwhelmed by their debt. Despite the benefits of ISAs, there are a few potential challenges that need to be addressed before they can be widely implemented in Nigeria. This study also delved into benefits of income share agreement, ISA as a tool for student financing of tertiary education; challenges of income share agreements; and socio-political and economic uncertainty in Nigeria. Based on the study, it was recommended amongst others that there is need to raise awareness of ISAs, develop a regulatory framework, and create a robust risks assessment system that could enable students have access to financing their higher education in this period of socio-political and economic uncertainty in Nigeria.
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Blankers, B. (2022). How an income share agreement can improve access to quality education for Sub-Saharan Africa . https://guardian.ng/ama- press-releases/how-an-income-share- agreement-can-improve- access- to-quality-education-for-sub-saharan-africa/
Dellinger, A. J., & Wilkins, A. (2023, August 9). Income share agreements: Everything you need to know. https://www.bankrate.com/loans/student- loans/income-share-agreement/
Federal Republic of Nigeria (2013). National Policy on Education (6th ed.). NERDC Printing Press.
Flynn, K. (2022). Income-share agreement (ISA): Meaning, pros and cons. https://www.investopedia.com/income-share-agreement-isa-definition- 5181445
Friedman, M. (1955). The role of government in education. In economics and the public interest. Rutgers University Press.
Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack. (2022). Attacks on Education in Nigeria: A 2021 Update. https://protectingeducation.org/publication/education-under-attack-2022/
Hile, M. (2023). The burden of university funding shifts to students. Financial Nigeria. https://www.financialnigeria.com/the- burden-of- university- funding-shifts-to-students-blog-821.html
Holliday, S. & Gide, E. (2016). Funding higher education in Australia: Is it time to look at income share agreement as an alternative model to income contingent loans? International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 15(1), 1-13
Human Rights Watch (2022). Nigeria: Attacks on Education and the Right to Education. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country- chapters/nigeria
International Crisis Group (2022). Nigeria's security challenges: Root causes and solutions. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west- africa/nigeria
International Monetary Fund (2023). Nigeria World Economic Outlook Report.
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/04/11/world- economic- outlook-april-2023
Karma C. (2022, October 16). Income share agreements vs student loans. https://careerkarma.com/blog/income-sharing-vs-student- loans/
Maina K. S. (2019). Income share agreements: An educational mortgage. A dissertation for the bachelor of laws (llb) of Riara University. Susan Maina.pdf (riarauniversity.ac.ke)
National Association of Nigerian Students (2023). State of tertiary education in Nigeria. https://www.tvcnews.tv/2023/07/nans- condemns- increase-in-school- fees-by-several-tertiary-institutions/
National Bureau of Statistics (2022). Multidimensional poverty index survey. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng
National Bureau of Statistics (2022). Annual abstract of statistics. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary
National Bureau of Statistics (2023). Quarterly national household survey. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary
Obamuyi, T. M. & Fapetu, O. (2016). The Nigerian economy in the face of socio- political challenges: A retrospective view and way forward. International Journal of Finance and Banking Studies, Centre for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, 5(3), 32-41.
Putilov, A., Baranova, I. & Myakota, E. A. (2018). Financial simulation model of the income-share agreement. RevistaEspacios 38(20) 30- 42
Ritter, D. & Webber, D. (2019). Modern income-share agreements in postsecondary education: Features, theory, Applications. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, DP 19-06
Transparency International (2023). Corruption perception index 2022. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022
UNICEF (2022). Education in crisis: The impact of conflict on education in Nigeria. https://www.unicef.org/education-under-attack
Usman, A. R. & Dabai, U. I. (2020). Boko haram insurgency: Repercussions on educational institutions in Adamawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 4(8), 557-562
World Bank (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on tertiary education in Africa. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/764421611934520379- 0090022021/original/OneAfricaTEandCovidupdated.pdf
World Bank (2022). Nigeria economic outlook. https://www.afdb.org/en/countries-west-africa-nigeria/nigeria-economic- outlook
World Bank (2022). Tertiary Education Financing: A review of global evidence. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/394931632506279551/pdf/ Steeri ng-Tertiary-Education-Toward-Resilient-Systems-that-Deliver- for-All.pdf
World Bank (2023). Nigeria Poverty Assessment 2023. https://pip.worldbank.org/country-profiles/NGA
Zaber, M. A., Steiner, E. D., Gebremariam, H., Spears, A., Tariq, Z. H., & Carman, K. G. (2023). Income Share Agreements: Market Structure, Communication, and Equity Implications of a Student Loan. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2649- 1.html
Zaber, M. A., & Steiner, E. D. (2021). Are income share agreements fair? A close look at the potential risks and benefits of an emerging financial aid option. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspective s/PEA1141-12.html